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Mercury emissions kubva kune artisanal uye midiki migodhi yegoridhe mhiri kweSouthern hemisphere inodarika kupiswa kwemarasha senzvimbo huru pasi rose yemercury.Tinoongorora mercury deposition uye chengetedzo muPeruvian Amazon, yakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekucherwa kwegoridhe. migodhi yegoridhe yakagashira zvakanyanyisa kupinza mecury, iine yakakwira yakazara uye methylmercury mumhepo, canopy mashizha, uye ivhu.Pano, tinoratidza kekutanga kuti masango asina kusimba ari padyo nemigodhi yegoridhe ye artisanal anobata akawanda e particulate uye gaseous mercury pamitengo yakaenzana. Tinonyora kuwanda kwemekiyuri muvhu, shiri dzedenga neshiri dzinoimba mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa uye dzine hupfumi hwakasiyana-siyana muAmazon, zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakakosha pamusoro pekuti kusvibiswa kwemekiyuri kunokanganisa sei kuedza kwechimanje-manje uye kweramangwana mukuchengetedza kwemamiriro ekunze aya mubvunzo. .
Dambudziko riri kuramba richikura rezvipenyu zvemasango emunzvimbo dzinopisa nderekuchera goridhe (ASGM). Iyi nzira yekuchera goridhe inowanikwa munyika dzinopfuura makumi manomwe, kazhinji zvisina kurongwa kana zvisiri pamutemo, uye inotora chikamu che20% chegoridhe rinogadzirwa pasi rose. iraramo yakakosha kunharaunda dzenharaunda, inokonzeresa kutemwa kwemasango kwakapararira2,3, kupinduka kwakawanda kwemasango kuita madziva4, mashanga epamusoro munzizi dziri pedyo5,6, uye inobatsira zvikuru kumhepo yepasi rose Kuburitswa kwemekiyuri (Hg) kuburitswa uye kukuru kunobva mvura yemekiyuri yemvura yakachena 7. Nzvimbo zhinji dzeASGM dzakasimbaradzwa dziri munzvimbo dzinotyisa dzepasi rose, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwezvakasiyana-siyana, kurasikirwa kwemarudzi anonzwisa tsitsi9 uye vanhu10,11,12 uye apex predators13, 14 kuratidzwa kwakanyanya kumecury.An inofungidzirwa 675–1000 matani e Hg yr-1 inoshanduka uye inosunungurwa mumhepo yepasi rose kubva kumabasa eASGM gore negore7.Kushandiswa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwemercury nemhizha uye migodhi midiki yegoridhe yakashandura nzvimbo huru.yeatmospheric mercury emissions kubva kuchamhembe kwepasi rose kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwepasi rose, zvine chekuita nemercury fate, transport uye exposure mapatani.Zvisinei, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvekupedzisira kweaya emhepo mercury emissions uye maitiro avo ekuisa uye kuunganidza muASGM-inofurirwa nyika.
Musangano weInternational Minamata Convention on Mercury wakatanga kushanda muna 2017, uye Article 7 inotaura zvakanangana nekuburitswa kwemekiyuri kubva mumigodhi yegoridhe. kuisa goridhe pamwe nekuburitsa gaseous elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0) mumhepo. Kubva mukunyora uku muna 2021, nyika zana nemakumi matatu nembiri, kusanganisira Peru, dzakasaina Minamata Convention uye dzakatanga kugadzira hurongwa hwekuita hwese hwekutarisa kuderedzwa kwemekiyuri ine chekuita neASGM. kuve inosanganisirwa, inogoneka uye yakazara, tichifunga nezvevatyairi vezvemagariro uye njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza15,16,17,18.Zvirongwa zvazvino zvekugadzirisa zvinokonzeresa mercury mumhoteredzo zvinotarisisa njodzi dzemecury dzine chekuita nekucherwa kwegoridhe kwehunyanzvi uye kudiki-diki pedyo nenzvimbo dzemumvura, dzinosanganisira vacheri vemigodhi nevanhu vanogara pedyo nekutsva kweamalgam, uye nharaunda dzinodya hove dzakawanda dzinodyiwa .Occupational mercury exposure Kuburikidza nekufemerwa kwemercury vapor kubva mukupiswa kweamalgam, chikafu chemekiyuri kuratidzwa kuburikidza nekudyiwa kwehove, uye mercury bioaccumulation mumawebhu echikafu chemumvura kwave kuri kutariswa kwetsvakiridzo zhinji dzine chekuita neASGM, kusanganisira muAmazon.Zvidzidzo zvepakutanga (semuenzaniso, ona Lodenius naMalm19).
Zvisikwa zvemuchadenga zviri panjodzi zvakare yemecury exposure kubva kuASGM.Atmospheric Hg yakaburitswa kubva kuASGM sezvo GEM ichikwanisa kudzokera kunharaunda yepasi kuburikidza nenzira nhatu huru20 (Fig. 1): GEM inogona kushambadzirwa kune zvimedu zviri mumhepo, izvo zvinozobatwa ne surfaces;GEM inogona kutorwa zvakananga nezvirimwa uye kuiswa mumatishu avo;Pakupedzisira, GEM inogona kuve oxidized kune Hg (II) marudzi, ayo anogona kuoma akaiswa, adsorbed kupinda mumhepo particles, kana kudzidziswa mumvura inonaya.Nzira idzi dzinopa mercury kuvhu kuburikidza nemvura inodonha (kureva, kunaya kwemvura padenga remuti), tsvina, uye kunaya kwemvura, zvichiteerana.Kuiswa kwemvura kunogona kutsanangurwa nemekiyuri inoyerera mumatope akaunganidzwa munzvimbo dzakavhurika.Dry deposition inogona kutariswa sehuwandu hwemecury flux mumarara uye mercury flux mukudonha minus the mercury flux mukunaya.Zvidzidzo zvinoverengeka vakanyora mercury enrichment in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems pedyo nepedyo nebasa reASGM (ona, semuenzaniso, pfupiso yetafura muGerson et al. 22), zvichida semugumisiro wezvose zviri zviviri sedimentary mercury input uye yakananga mercury kusunungurwa.Zvisinei, apo iyo yakagadziridzwa mercury deposition padhuze neASGM inogona kunge yakakonzerwa nekupiswa kwemercury-gold amalgam, hazvizivikanwe kuti Hg iyi inotakurwa sei munzvimbo yedunhu uye kukosha kwakasiyana kwekuiswa kwakasiyana.nzira dziri pedyo neASGM.
Mercury inobudiswa segaseous elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0) inogona kuiswa munzvimbo kuburikidza nenzira nhatu dzemuchadenga. Chekutanga, GEM inogona kuiswa kune ionic Hg (Hg2+), iyo inogona kuiswa mumadonhwe emvura uye kuiswa pamashizha semvura kana kuti. dry deposits.Chechipiri, maGEM anogona adsorb atmospheric particulate matter (Hgp), iyo inopindirwa nemashizha uye yakashambidzwa munzvimbo kuburikidza nemapopoma emvura pamwe chete neiyo intercepted ionic Hg. Chechitatu, GEM inogona kuiswa mumashizha emashizha, nepo Hg ichiiswa mu Pamwechete nemvura inodonha nemarara zvinoonekwa sefungidziro yehuwandu hwemercury deposition.Kunyange zvazvo GEM ichigonawo kuparadzira uye kushambadza zvakananga kuvhu nemarara77, iyi inogona kunge isiri iyo nzira yekutanga yekupinda mecury munzvimbo dzepasi.
Isu tinotarisira kuti gaseous elemental mercury concentrations ichadzikira nechinhambwe kubva kune mercury emission sources.Sezvo mbiri dzenzira nhatu dzekuisa mercury munzvimbo (kuburikidza nekudonha nemarara) zvinoenderana nekudyidzana kwemekiyuri nenzvimbo yezvirimwa, isu tinogona zvakare kufanotaura mwero weiyo mecury. zvakaiswa mumagariro ezvisikwa uye kuti yakakura sei kune mhuka Dambudziko rekukanganisa rinotarirwa nekugadzirwa kwezvinomera, sezvinoratidzwa nekucherechedza mumasango ane boreal uye ane mwero kuchamhembe kwelatitudes23.Zvisinei, tinozivawo kuti basa reASGM rinowanzoitika munzvimbo dzinopisa, umo denga rakagadzirwa. uye kuwanda kwakawanda kwenzvimbo yeshizha yakafumurwa kunosiyana zvakanyanya.Kukosha kunoenderana nemecury deposition pathways mune zvipenyu izvi hazvina kutsanangurwa zvakajeka, kunyanya kumasango ari pedyo nemekiyuri emission sources, kusimba kwayo kusingawanzo kucherechedzwa mumasango eboreal.Naizvozvo, mune izvi kudzidza, tinobvunza mibvunzo inotevera: (1) Ko gaseous elemental mercury concentrations uyenzira dzekuisa dzinosiyana nekuva pedyo kweASGM uye indekisi yenzvimbo yeshizha yecanopy yedunhu?(2) Kuchengetedzwa kwemekiyuri yevhu kune chekuita nemhepo yemhepo here?(3) Pane humbowo hwekuwanda kwemecury bioaccumulation mushiri dzinoimba dzinogara musango pedyo neASGM?Chidzidzo ichi ndiye wekutanga kuongorora mercury deposition inputs pedyo neASGM chiitiko uye kuti canopy cover inopindirana sei nemapatani aya, uye yekutanga kuyera methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations muPeruvian Amazon landscape. mercury uye methylmercury mumashizha, marara, uye ivhu mumasango uye nzvimbo dzinogara masango pamwe chete nemakiromita mazana maviri kubva kuRwizi rweMadre de Dios kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePeru .Takafungidzira kuti kuswedera pedyo neASGM nemataundi emigodhi anopisa Hg-gold amalgam ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. zvinhu zvinotyaira atmospheric Hg concentrations (GEM) uye wet Hg deposition (high precipitation).Sezvo dry mercury deposition (kupinza + litter) ine chekuita netree canopy structure,21,24 tinotarisirawo kuti nzvimbo dzine masango dzive nepamusoro pemecury inopinza kupfuura nzvimbo dziri pedyo dzakatemwa miti, iyo, yakapiwa nzvimbo yakakwirira yemashizha uye mercury capture inogona, Imwe pfungwa inonyanya kunetseka.Intact Amazon Forest.Tinowedzera kufunga kuti fauna kugara mumasango ari pedyo nemataundi emigodhi aiva nemwero wakakwirira wemekiyuri kupfuura mhuka dzinogara kure nenzvimbo dzemigodhi.
Tsvagiridzo yedu yakaitika mudunhu reMadre de Dios kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePeruvia Amazon, uko mahekita anodarika 100,000 emasango akatemwa masango kuti aite alluvial ASGM3 iri padyo, uye dzimwe nguva mukati, munzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa nenzvimbo dzakachengeterwa nyika. migodhi iri pedyo nenzizi munharaunda iyi yekumadokero kweAmazon yakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore gumi apfuura uye inotarisirwa kuwedzera nemitengo yegoridhe yakakwira uye kuwedzera kwekubatanidza kumaguta kuburikidza nemigwagwa yetransoceanic Zviitiko zvichaenderera mberi 3.Takasarudza nzvimbo mbiri dzisina migodhi (Boca Manu neChilive , inenge 100 uye 50 km kubva kuASGM, maererano) - mushure mekudanwa se "nzvimbo dziri kure" - uye nzvimbo nhatu mukati memugodhi wemigodhi - panozonzi "nzvimbo dziri kure" nzvimbo yekuchera migodhi" (Fig. 2A). Zviviri zvemigodhi nzvimbo dziri musango rechipiri padyo nemataundi eBoca Colorado neLa Bellinto, uye imwe saiti yemigodhi iri musango rekare rekukura paLos Amigos Conservatio.n.isu tichabatanidza migodhi uye mercury Alloy combustion inosanganiswa kunzi "ASGM chiitiko".Panzvimbo yega yega, takaisa masamplers emvura mumwaka wakaoma uye wekunaya kwemvura mukutsvaira (nzvimbo dzekutema miti dzisina miti yemiti zvachose) uye pasi pemiti yemiti (sango. nzvimbo) kwezviitiko zvitatu zvemwaka (imwe neimwe inogara 1- 2 mwedzi)) Kuiswa kwemvura uye kudonha kwekupinda kwakaunganidzwa zvakasiyana, uye masampuli emhepo akaiswa munzvimbo yakashama kuti atore GEM.Gore rinotevera, zvichienderana nepamusoro mitengo yakayerwa mugore rekutanga, takaisa vaunganidzi pane dzimwe nzvimbo nhanhatu dzesango muLos Amigos.
Mamepu enzvimbo shanu dzesampling anoratidzwa seyero madenderedzwa.Masaiti maviri (Boca Manu, Chilive) ari munzvimbo dziri kure nekucherwa kwegoridhe, uye nzvimbo nhatu (Los Amigos, Boca Colorado neLaberinto) dziri munzvimbo dzakakanganisika nemigodhi. , ine maguta emigodhi anoratidzwa semakona matatu eblue.Mufananidzo unoratidza imwe nzvimbo iri kure yemasango uye nzvimbo yakatemwa miti yakakanganiswa nemigodhi.Mumifananidzo yose, mutsara wakatsetseka unomiririra mutsara unoparadzanisa pakati penzvimbo mbiri dziri kure (kuruboshwe) nenzvimbo nhatu dzakakanganiswa nemigodhi ( kurudyi).B Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations panzvimbo yega yega mumwaka wekupisa wa2018 (n = 1 yakazvimirira sample per site; square symbols) uye mwaka wemvura (n = 2 akazvimirira samples; square symbols) mwaka.C Total mercury concentrations mukunaya kwemvura yakaunganidzwa musango (green boxplot) uye kuparadzwa kwemasango (brown boxplot) nzvimbo panguva yakaoma ye2018. Pamabhokisi ese, mitsetse inomiririra ma medians, mabhokisi anoratidza Q1 uye Q3, ndebvu dzinomiririra 1.5 nguva ye interquartile range (n =5 yakazvimirira sampuli panzvimbo yesango, n = 4 yakazvimiririra samples per deforestation site sample).D Total mercury concentrations mumashizha akaunganidzwa kubva pacanopy yeFicus insipida neInga feuillei munguva yakaoma mu2018 (left axis;sikweya yegirini yakasvibira uye nemavara matatu egirinhi akareruka, zvichiteerana) uye kubva kumarara akawanda pasi (akisi yekurudyi; maolive green denderedzwa zviratidzo) .Values inotaridzwa seyanoreva uye yakajairwa kutsauka (n = 3 yakazvimiririra sample pasaiti yemashizha mhenyu, n = 1 yakazvimiririra sampu yemarara) .E Yese yemekiyuri yakawanda muvhu repamusoro (pamusoro 0-5 cm) yakaunganidzwa musango (green boxplot) uye kutemwa kwemasango (brown boxplot) nzvimbo munguva yekuoma kwegore ra2018 (n = 3 yakazvimirira masampuli panzvimbo imwe neimwe .Data yemamwe mwaka inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1.S1 uye S2.
Atmospheric mercury concentrations (GEM) yaienderana nekufungidzira kwedu, iine hushe hwepamusoro hwakatenderedza ASGM chiitiko-kunyanya kutenderera mataundi ari kupisa Hg-gold amalgam-uye yakaderera kukosha munzvimbo dziri kure nenzvimbo dzinoshanda dzemigodhi (Fig. 2B). nzvimbo dziri kure, GEM yakanyanyisa iri pasi pehuwandu hwepasi rose hwemashure ekumaodzanyemba kwepasi pe1 ng m-326. Kusiyana neizvi, GEM yakawanda mumigodhi yose mitatu yaiva 2-14 nguva dzakakwirira kudarika mumigodhi iri kure, uye kuwedzera mumigodhi iri pedyo. kusvika 10.9 ng m-3) dzaive dzakaenzana nedziri munzvimbo dzemudhorobha nemaguta, uye dzimwe nguva dzaipfuura dziri kuUS, Industrial Zones muChina neKorea 27.Iyi GEM patani muMadre de Dios inopindirana nekutsva kwemercury-gold amalgam se tsime guru remhepo yakakwira mercury munzvimbo iyi iri kure yeAmazon.
Kunyange zvazvo GEM yakatarisana mukucheneswa kwaitevera pedyo nemigodhi, huwandu hwemercury mumapopoma emvura yaienderana nekuve pedyo nemigodhi uye masango emasango. mercury concentrations mumasango akakura akasimba mukati menzvimbo yemigodhi (Fig. 2C) .Los Amigos Conservation Conservation yakanga ine huwandu hwepamusoro hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe mercury mumwaka wakaoma (range: 18-61 ng L-1) yakashumwa mumabhuku uye yakanga yakafanana. kusvika kumazinga akayerwa panzvimbo dzakasvibiswa nemigodhi yecinnabar uye kupisa kwemarasha mumaindasitiri.Musiyano, makumi maviri nemasere muGuizhou, China.Kuruzivo rwedu, izvi zvimiro zvinomiririra huwandu hwepagore hwekubuda kwemekiyuri fluxes yakaverengerwa uchishandisa mwaka wakaoma uye wekunyorova wemekiyuri wakatarisana uye nekunaya kwemvura (71 µg m-2 yr-1; Supplementary Tafura 1). Dzimwe nzvimbo mbiri dzemigodhi dzakanga dzisina mazinga akakwirira emekiyuri achienzaniswa nenzvimbo dziri kure (renji: 8-31 ng L-1; 22-34 µg m-2 yr-1). Kunze kweHg, chete aluminium uye manganese yakanga yawedzera kugadzirwa munzvimbo yemugodhi, zvichida nekuda kwekucheneswa kwevhu kune chekuita nemigodhi;zvimwe zvese zvakayerwa zvakakura uye zvekutevera zvinhu hazvina kusiyana pakati pemigodhi nenzvimbo dziri kure (Supplementary Data File 1), kuwanikwa kunoenderana nemashizha emercury dynamics 29 uye ASGM amalgam combustion, pane guruva remhepo, sechinhu chikuru chemecury mukudonha kunopinda. .
Mukuwedzera pakushanda se adsorbents ye-particulate uye gaseous mercury, mashizha emiti anogona kunyatsotora uye kubatanidza GEM mumisungo30,31.Kutaura zvazviri, panzvimbo dziri pedyo nebasa reASGM, marara ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera mercury deposition.Mean concentrations yeHg (0.080) -0.22 µg g−1) akayerwa mumashizha emudenga kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzese dzemigodhi akadarika kukosha kwakatsikiswa kwemasango ane mwero, ane boreal, uye alpine muNorth America, Europe, neAsia, pamwe nemamwe masango eAmazon muSouth America, iri muSouth America.Nzvimbo dziri kure uye pedyo nenzvimbo 32, 33, 34. Concentrations inofananidzwa neiyo inoshumwa kune foliar mercury mumasango anogara achipisa muChina uye Atlantic masango muBrazil (Fig. 2D)32,33,34.Kutevera muenzaniso weGEM, yepamusoro-soro mercury yakazara mumarara akawanda uye mashizha emudenga akayerwa mumasango echipiri mukati menzvimbo yemigodhi.Zvisinei, fungidziro yemarara emercury fluxes aive akakwirira mumasango ekutanga akasimba pamugodhi weLos Amigos, zvichida nekuda kwekuwanda kwemarara.Takawanza kare yakashuma Peruvian Amazon 35 neHg akayerwa mumarara (avhareji pakati pemwaka wemvura uye yakaoma) (Fig. 3A) .Iyi inopinza inoratidza kuti kuswedera kune nzvimbo dzemigodhi uye chivharo chemiti chivharo chinobatsira zvikuru kune mercury mitoro muASGM munharaunda ino.
Data inoratidzwa munzvimbo yeA sango uye B. Nzvimbo dzakatemwa masango dzeLos Amigos inzvimbo yeminda yekuchenesa iyo inoita chikamu chiduku chenyika yose.Fluxes inoratidzwa nemiseve uye inoratidzwa se µg m-2 yr-1. pamusoro 0-5 cm yevhu, madziva anoratidzwa semadenderedzwa uye anoratidzwa mu μg m-2.Percentage inomiririra chikamu chemekiyuri chiripo mudziva kana flux muchimiro chemethylmercury.Average concentrations pakati pemwaka wakaoma (2018 na2019) uye mwaka wekunaya kwemvura (2018) yemekiyuri yose kuburikidza nekunaya kwemvura, kunaya kwemvura zhinji, uye marara, pakuenzanisa kukwirisa kwemekiyuri. kune ruzivo rwekuunganidza nekuverengera.C Hukama huri pakati pehuwandu hwemercury concentration neshizha nzvimbo indekisi muzvikamu zvisere zveLos Amigos Conservation Conservation, zvichibva pane zvakajairika masikweya regression.D Hukama pakati pehuwandu hwemercury concentration mukunaya uye totAl surface ivhu mercury concentration yenzvimbo dzese shanu musango (girinhi denderedzwa) uye kutemwa kwemasango (brown triangles) matunhu, zvinoenderana neakajairwa masikweya regression (mabhawa ekukanganisa anoratidza kutsauka kwakajairwa).
Tichishandisa mvura yakarebesa yekunaya uye data remarara, takakwanisa kuyera zviyero zvekupinda uye marara emekiyuri kubva kumishandirapamwe matatu kuti tipe fungidziro yegore negore mercury mercury flux yeLos Amigos Conservation Concession (kupinza + litter amount + precipitation) fungidziro yekutanga.Takaona kuti kuyerera kwemekiyuri mumhepo munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa masango dziri pedyo nekuita kweASGM kwakakwira zvakapetwa ka15 pane munzvimbo dzakapoteredzwa dzakatemwa masango (137 maringe ne9 µg Hg m-2 yr-1; Mufananidzo 3 A,B). fungidziro yemazinga emekiyuri muLos Amigos inodarika yakambotaurwa mecury fluxes pedyo nenzvimbo dzinobva mekiyuri mumasango muNorth America neEurope (semuenzaniso, kupisa marasha), uye inofananidzwa nehunhu muindasitiri China 21,36 .Zvose zvataurwa, zvingangoita 94 % yezvese mercury deposition mumasango akachengetedzwa eLos Amigos inogadzirwa neyakaoma deposition (kupinza + litter - precipitation mercury), mupiro wakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura iwo emamwe akawanda pamberi.st landscapes pasi rose.Izvi zvigumisiro zvinoratidzira mazinga akasimudzwa emekiyuri achipinda mumasango neyakaoma deposition kubva kuASGM uye kukosha kwekanopi yesango mukubvisa ASGM-inotorwa mercury kubva mumhepo.Tinofungidzira kuti yakanyanya kupfumiswa Hg deposition pattern inoonekwa munzvimbo dzine masango pedyo neASGM. chiitiko hachisi chePeru chete.
Kusiyana neizvi, nzvimbo dzakatemwa masango munzvimbo dzemigodhi dzine mazinga akaderera emekiyuri, kunyanya kuburikidza nekunaya kukuru kwemvura, ine mecury shoma inopinza kuburikidza nekudonha uye marara.Kuisa mercury yose mumatope akawanda munzvimbo yemugodhi yakaenzana neiyo yakayerwa munzvimbo dziri kure (Fig. 2C ) Mean concentrations (renji: 1.5–9.1 ng L-1) yemekiyuri yakazara mumwaka wakaoma kunaya kwakawanda kwakadzikira pane yakambotaurwa tsika muAdirondacks yeNew York37 uye yaiwanzodzikira pane idzo dziri kure kure dzeAmazonian38. Naizvozvo, kunaya kwakawanda kweHg kwaive kwakadzikira (8.6-21.5 µg Hg m-2 yr-1) munzvimbo yakatarisana yakatemwa miti kana ichienzaniswa neGEM, kuburikidza-kudonha-kudonhedza uye marara enzvimbo yekumigodhi, uye Hairatidzi kuva pedyo nemigodhi. .Nekuti ASGM inoda kutemwa kwemasango,2,3 nzvimbo dzakacheneswa uko mabasa emigodhi akanyanya kuwanda ane yakaderera mercury inopinza kubva mumhepo yakadzika kupfuura nzvimbo dzesango dziri pedyo, kunyangwe zvisiri-mumhepo zvakananga kuburitswa kweASGM (yakadais elemental mercury spills kana tailings) inogona kunge yakakwira zvakanyanya.High 22.
Kuchinja kwe mercury fluxes kunoonekwa muPeruvia Amazon kunotungamirirwa nekusiyana kukuru mukati uye pakati pemasayiti munguva yakaoma (sango uye kutemwa kwemasango) (Fig. 2) . Kusiyana neizvi, takaona kusiyana kwemukati-kati uye pakati pe-site pamwe chete. kuderera kweHg mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura (Supplementary Fig. 1) .Musiyano wemwaka uyu (Fig. 2B) unogona kunge wakakonzerwa nekunyanya kukwira kwezvicherwa uye kugadzirwa kweguruva mumwaka wekuoma kwemvura.Kuwedzera kutemwa kwemasango uye kuderera kwemvura munguva yekunaya kwemvura kunogona kuwedzera huruva. kugadzirwa, nokudaro kuwedzera kuwanda kwezvikamu zvemuchadenga zvinotora mercury.Mercury uye kugadzirwa kweguruva munguva yakaoma inogona kuita kuti mercury flux maitiro mukati mekuparadzwa kwemasango zvichienzaniswa nemasango eLos Amigos Conservation Concession.
Sezvo mercury inopinza kubva kuASGM muPeruvia Amazon inoiswa munzvimbo dzepasi zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekudyidzana nedenga remusango, takaedza kana yakakwira miti canopy density (kureva, leaf area index) ingatungamira kune yakakwira mercury. Musango reLos Amigos Conservation Concession, takaunganidza donho rekudonha kubva ku7 masango emasango ane mashizha akasiyana-siyana. Takaona kuti shizha renzvimbo yeshizha raiva chirevo chakasimba chehuwandu hwemercury inopinza kuburikidza nekudonha, uye zvinoreva kuti mercury yakazara kuburikidza nekudonha yakawedzera nemashizha enharaunda (Fig. 3C). ).Zvimwe zvakawanda zvinokanganisawo mercury input kuburikidza nekudonha, kusanganisira leaf age34, kushata kwemashizha, stomatal density, wind speed39, turbulence, tembiricha, uye nguva isati yaoma.
Zvichienderana nepamusoro-soro ye mercury deposition rates, ivhu repamusoro (0-5 cm) reLos Amigos sango remasango raive nepamusoro pesero yemekiyuri (140 ng g-1 mumwaka wakaoma we2018; Fig. 2E) . Uyezve, mercury concentrations yaiva yakapfumiswa kumativi ose akayerwa vertical ivhu profile (range 138–155 ng g-1 pakadzika 45 cm; Supplementary Fig. 3). Nzvimbo chete yairatidza yakakwirira pamusoro pevhu mercury concentrations munguva 2018 yakaoma yaiva nzvimbo yekutemwa kwemasango pedyo. guta rine migodhi (Boca Colorado) kurasikirwa nekupunyuka kubva muvhu (kureva kuti mercury yaburitswa mumhepo) nekuda kwekuvharwa kwecanopy inogonawo kunge yakadzikira munzvimbo dzine masango pane dzakatemwa masango40, zvichiratidza kuti chikamu chikuru chemekiri chakaiswa mukuchengetedza.Nzvimbo yacho inoramba iri muvhu.Ivhu rose remekiyuri madziva mumasango ekutanga eLos Amigos Conservation Conservation aiva 9100 μg Hg m-2 mukati mekutanga 5 cm uye kupfuura 80,000 μg Hg m-2 mukati mekutanga 45 cm.
Sezvo mashizha achinyanya kutora mercury yemumhepo, pane ivhu mercury, 30,31 uye ozotakura iyi mercury muvhu nekudonha, zvinogoneka kuti chiyero chepamusoro chekuisa mercury chinotungamirira maitiro akaonekwa muvhu.Takawana kuwirirana kwakasimba pakati pezvinoreva zvakakwana. mercury concentrations in topsoil and total mercury concentrations munzvimbo dzose dzesango, nepo pakanga pasina hukama pakati pevhu remuvhu remekiyuri uye yakazara mercury concentrations mukunaya kunorema munzvimbo dzakatemwa masango (Fig. 3D) .Mienzaniso yakafanana yakaratidzwawo muhukama pakati pevhu repamusoro remekiyuri madziva uye yakazara mercury fluxes munzvimbo dzine masango, asi kwete munzvimbo dzekuparadzwa kwemasango (ivhu repamusoro remekiyuri madziva uye kunaya kwese kwese mecury fluxes).
Zvinenge zvese zvidzidzo zvekusvibiswa kwenyika mercury zvine chekuita neASGM zvakaganhurwa kune zviyero zvemekiri yakazara, asi methylmercury concentrations inosarudza mercury bioavailability uye inotevera kuunganidzwa kwekudya uye kuratidzwa. kazhinji vanotenda kuti ivhu repamusoro rine yakaderera methylmercury.Zvisinei, kekutanga, takanyora kuyemerika kuenzana kweMeHg muAmazonian ivhu pedyo neASGMs, zvichiratidza kuti yakakwirira MeHg concentrations inowedzera kupfuura ecosystems yemvura uye munzvimbo dzepasi mukati meidzi nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa neASGM. , kusanganisira dziya dzinonyura mumvura mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura.Ivhu neavo vanoramba vakaoma gore rose.Kuwanda kwemethylmercury muvhu repamusoro panguva yemwaka wakaoma wa2018 kwakaitika munzvimbo mbiri dzine masango emugodhi (Boca Colorado neLos Amigos Reserve; 1.4 ng MeHg g-1, 1.4% Hg seMeHg uye 1.1 ng MeHg g-1, maererano, pa 0.79% Hg (seMeHg) Sezvo aya mapeji e mercury ari muchimiro chemethylmercury anofananidzwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi pose (Supplementary Fig. 4), kuwanda kwepamusoro kwemethylmercury kunoratidzika kuve nekuda kwekuwanda kweMercury kupinza uye kuchengetwa kwepamusoro kweiyo mercury muvhu, pane mambure ekushandura inowanikwa inorganic mercury kuenda kumethylmercury (Supplementary Fig. 5) Migumisiro yedu inomiririra kuyerwa kwekutanga kwemethylmercury muvhu pedyo neASGM muPeruvia Amazon. Zvinoenderana Nezvimwe zvidzidzo zvakashuma kugadzirwa kwemethylmercury munzvimbo ine mafashamo uye yakaoma43,44 uye isu tinotarisira yakakwira methylmercury kutariswa mumasango ari pedyo mwaka uye kusingaperi manyoro anoitika.mercury mitoro yakafanana.Kunyange zvazvo methylmercury Kana paine njodzi yehuchetura kumhuka dzesango pedyo nezvicherwa zvegoridhe zvinoramba zvichizivikanwa, asi masango aya ari padyo nezviitiko zveASGM anogona kunge ari hotspots yemercury bioaccumulation mumambure ezvekudya zvepasi.
Zvinonyanya kukosha uye zvitsva zvinorehwa nebasa redu ndezvekunyora kutakurwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwemekiyuri mumasango ari pedyo neASGM.Data yedu inoratidza kuti iyi mercury inowanikwa mukati, uye inofamba kuburikidza, terrestrial food webs.Uyezve, huwandu hunokosha hwemercury. zvakachengetwa mubiomass nevhu uye zvinogona kusunungurwa nekuchinja-kushandiswa kwevhu4 uye masango moto45,46.Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePeruvia Amazon is one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems of vertebrate and insect taxa on Earth.High structural complexity within intact old tropical. masango anokurudzira zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zveshiri48 uye anopa nzvimbo dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhuka dzinogara musango49.Nekuda kweizvozvo, inopfuura 50% yenzvimbo yeMadre de Dios inosarudzwa senyika yakachengetedzwa kana kuti nzvimbo inochengeterwa nyika50.Kudzvanyirirwa kwenyika dzese kudzora zviitiko zvisiri pamutemo zveASGM munharaunda. Tambopata National Reserve yakakura zvakanyanya mukati memakore gumi apfuura, zvichikonzera kuita kukuru kwekuita (Operación Mercurio) nehurumende yePeruvia.muna 2019.Zvisinei, zvatakawana zvinoratidza kuti kuoma kwemasango ayo ari pasi pezvipenyu zveAmazonian anoita kuti nzvimbo yacho iwedzere kutarisana ne mercury loading uye kuchengetedza munzvimbo dzine kuwedzera kweASGM-yakabatana ne mercury emissions, zvichiita kuti pasi rose mercury fluxes kuburikidza nemvura.Chiyero chepamusoro-soro chemari iyi chinobva pafungidziro dzedu dzekutanga dzekukwira kwe litter mercury fluxes mumasango asina kusimba pedyo neASGM. Kunyange zvazvo tsvakurudzo dzedu dzakaitika mumasango akachengetedzwa, maitiro ekuwedzera mercury kuisa nekuchengetedza angashanda kune chero sango rekutanga rekukura. padyo neASGM chiitiko, kusanganisira buffer zones, saka mhinduro idzi dzinoenderana nemasango akachengetedzwa uye asina kuchengetedzwa.Masango akadzivirirwa akafanana.Saka, njodzi dzeASGM kune mercury landscapes hadzina kungoenderana chete nekutengesa zvakananga mercury kuburikidza nemhepo yemhepo, kupera, uye tailings, asiwo kune kugona kwenzvimbo kutora, kuchengeta, uye kushandura mercury mune zvimwe bioavailable. mafomu.yakabatana neanogona.methylmercury, kuratidza kusiyana kwemigumisiro pamadziva e-mercury pasi rose uye mhuka dzesango dzepanyika zvichienderana nekuvharwa kwemasango pedyo nemigodhi.
Nekutsvagira mecury yemuchadenga, masango asina kusimba ari pedyo nemigodhi yegoridhe diki anogona kuderedza njodzi dzemekiyuri kune zvipenyu zvemumvura zviri pedyo uye madhamu emuchadenga memecury. ecosystem kuburikidza nemoto wesango, kupukunyuka uye/kana kumhanya45, 46, 51, 52, 53. MuAmazon yePeru, matani angangoita zana nemakumi masere emekiyuri anoshandiswa pagore muASGM54, iyo inenge chikamu chimwe muzvina inoburitswa mumhepo55, zvichipihwa Conservation Concession. kuLos Amigos.Nzvimbo iyi inodaidzira ka7.5 nzvimbo yese yenzvimbo yakadzivirirwa nenzvimbo dzezviwanikwa mudunhu reMadre de Dios (anenge mamirioni mana mahekita), iyo ine chikamu chikuru chenyika yakachengetedzwa mune chero imwe purovhinzi yePeruvia, uye izvi. nzvimbo huru dzesango remasango.Zvishoma kunze kwenzvimbo yekuiswa kweASGM uye mercury.Saka, mercury sequestration mumasango asina kusimba haina kukwana kudzivirira ASGM-yakatorwa mercury kuti ipinde mumatunhu uye pasi rose atmospheric mercury pools, zvichiratidza kukosha kwekuderedza ASGM mercury emissions.Kuguma kwehuwandu hwakawanda mercury yakachengetwa mumasisitimu epasi inonyanya kupesvedzerwa nemitemo yekuchengetedza.Zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi pamusoro pekugadzirisa masango asina kusimba, kunyanya munzvimbo dziri pedyo nebasa reASGM, saka zvine zvazvinoreva pakuunganidza mercury uye bioavailability iye zvino uye mumakumi emakore anotevera.
Kunyange kana masango achikwanisa kutora mercury yese inoburitswa mumasango anogara achinaya mvura, haingave mushonga wekusvibiswa kwemekiyuri, sezvo dandemutande dzechikafu dzepasi dzinogona kuve panjodzi yemercury. zviyero zve terrestrial mercury deposits uye ivhu methylmercury inoratidza kuti yakakwira mercury muvhu uye yakakwirira methylmercury inogona kuwedzera kuratidzwa kune avo vanogara mumasango aya.Njodzi dzepamusoro pekudya-giredhi vatengi.Dhiyabhorosi kubva kune zvidzidzo zvekare pamusoro penyika mercury bioaccumulation mumasango ane mwero yakawana kuti mercury yeropa mushiri inopindirana ne mercury concentrations mu sediments, uye shiri dzenziyo dzinodya zvokudya zvakatorwa zvachose kubva munyika dzinogona kuratidza mercury concentrations Yakasimudzwa 56,57. nekuderera kwekuita kubereka uye kubudirira, kuderedzwa kwehupenyu hwevana, kukanganiswa kwekukura, kuchinja kwemaitiro, kushungurudzika kwepanyama, uye kufa58,59.Kana muenzaniso uyu unobata chokwadi kuPeruvia Amazon, iyo yakakwira mercury fluxes inoitika mumasango asina kusimba inogona kutungamirira kuhuwandu hwe mercury. mushiri nezvimwe zvipenyu, zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa.Izvi zvinonyanya kunetsa nekuti nharaunda iyi inzvimbo ine zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana pasi rose60.Zvibairo izvi zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekudzivirira kucherwa kwegoridhe kwehunyanzvi uye kudiki kuti kuitwe munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa nenyika uye munzvimbo dzakatenderedza. ivo.Kugadzira ASGM actvities15,16 inogona kunge iri nzira yekuona kuti ivhu rakachengetedzwa harishandiswe.
Kuti tione kana mercury yakaiswa munzvimbo idzi dzine masango iri kupinda mumambure ezvekudya zvepasi, takayera minhenga yemuswe yeshiri dzinoimba dzinoverengeka dzinogara kubva kuLos Amigos Reserve (yakakanganiswa nemugodhi) uye Cocha Cashu Biological Station (shiri dzekare dzisina kubatwa).yakazara mercury concentration.growth forest), 140 km kubva kune yedu yakanyanya kumusoro kweBokamanu sampling site.Kune marudzi ose matatu apo vanhu vakawanda vakatorwa panzvimbo imwe neimwe, Hg yakasimudzwa mushiri dzeLos Amigos zvichienzaniswa neCocha Cashu (Fig. 4). muenzaniso wakaramba uripo pasinei nemaitiro ekudya, sezvo muenzaniso wedu waisanganisira understory anti-eater Myrmotherula axillaris, ant-inotevera anti-eater Phlegopsis nigromaculata, uye muchero-anodya Pipra fasciicauda (1.8 [n = 10] vs. 0.9 μg g - 1 [n = 2], 4.1 [n = 10] vs. 1.4 μg g-1 [n = 2], 0.3 [n = 46] vs. 0.1 μg g-1 [n = 2]).Pa10 Phlegopsis nigromaculata vanhu vakaenzanisirwa kuLos Amigos, 3 yakapfuura EC10 (kunyatsogadzirisa kuderedzwa kwe10% mukubudirira kwekubereka), 3 yakapfuura EC20, 1 yakapfuura EC30 (ona EC maitiro muEvers58), uye hapana munhu Cocha Chero mhando yeCashu inopfuura EC10.Izvi zvekutanga. zvakawanikwa, neavhareji mercury concentrations 2-3 nguva yakakwirira mushiri dzinoimba kubva kumasango akachengetedzwa ari padyo nebasa reASGM,uye imwe mercury concentrations kusvika ku12 times yakakwirira, simudza kunetseka kuti mercury kusvibiswa kubva kuASGM inogona kupinda pasi pezvokudya zvepasi.dhigirii rekunetsekana kukuru. Izvi zvabuda zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekudzivirira basa reASGM mumapaka enyika nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza.
Data yakaunganidzwa kuLos Amigos Conservation Concessions (n = 10 yeMyrmotherula axillaris [undertory invertivore] uye Phlegopsi nigromaculata [ant-following invertivore], n = 46 yePipra fasciicauda [frugivore]; chiratidzo chekona tsvuku) nenzvimbo dziri kure muCocha. Kashu Biological Station (n = 2 pamarudzi; zviratidzo zvedenderedzwa zvakasvibirira) .Kunyanya kushanda (ECs) kunoratidzwa kuderedza kubudirira kwekubereka ne10%, 20% uye 30% (ona Evers58) .Bird photos modified from Schulenberg65.
Kubva 2012, kuwanda kweASGM muPeruvia Amazon kwakawedzera neanopfuura 40% munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa uye 2,25 kana kupfuura munzvimbo dzisina kuchengetedzwa.Kuenderera mberi kwekushandisa mercury mumigodhi yegoridhe uye diki inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa pamhuka dzesango. iyo inogara mumasango aya.Kunyange kana vashandi vakarega kushandisa mercury pakarepo, migumisiro yeiyi yakasvibiswa muvhu inogona kugara kwemazana emakore, ine mukana wekuwedzera kurasikirwa kubva mukuparadzwa kwemasango uye moto wemasango61,62.Saka, kusvibiswa kwe mercury kubva kuASGM kunogona kuva kwenguva refu. zvinokonzerwa nebiota yemasango asina kusimba ari pedyo neASGM, njodzi dzazvino uye njodzi dzemunguva yemberi kuburikidza nekubudiswa kwemekiyuri mumasango ekare ane kukosha kwekuchengetedza kwepamusoro.uye kuvandudzwa kuti kuwedzere kusvibiswa kunogona kuitika.Kuwana kwedu kuti terrestrial biota inogona kunge iri panjodzi huru yekusvibiswa kwemekiyuri kubva kuASGM kunofanira kupa imwe simba rekuenderera mberi kwekuedza kuderedza kubudiswa kwe mercury kubva kuASGM.Kuedza uku kunosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kune nyore nyore mercury capture. distillation masisitimu kune zvakanyanya kunetsa hupfumi nemagariro ekudyara izvo zvinozoita kuti chiitiko ichi chive pamutemo uye kuderedza kurudziro yehupfumi yeASGM isiri pamutemo.
Tine zviteshi zvishanu mukati memakiromita mazana maviri eRwizi rweMadre de Dios.Takasarudza nzvimbo dzekuenzanisira zvichienderana nekuva pedyo kwavo nekuita kweASGM, ingangoita makiromita makumi mashanu pakati penzvimbo yega yega sampling, inowanikwa kuburikidza neRwizi rweMadre de Dios (Fig. 2A). takasarudza nzvimbo mbiri dzisina migodhi (Boca Manu neChilive, ingangoita 100 ne50 km kubva kuASGM, zvichiteerana), zvichizonzi “nzvimbo dziri kure”. nzvimbo mbiri dzemigodhi mumasango echipiri pedyo nemataundi eBoca Colorado neLaberinto, uye imwe nzvimbo yekuchera mumasango ekutanga.Los Amigos Protection Concessions.Ndokumbira utarise kuti panzvimbo dzeBoca Colorado neLaberinto munzvimbo ino migodhi, mercury vapor yakabudiswa kubva mukupisa. ye mercury-gold amalgam inowanzoitika, asi nzvimbo chaiyo uye huwandu hazvizivikanwi sezvo zviitiko izvi kazhinji zvisiri pamutemo uye zvakavanzika;isu tichabatanidza migodhi uye mercury Alloy combustion pamwe chete inonzi "ASGM basa".Mukati memwaka wemvura wa2018 (Chikunguru naNyamavhuvhu 2018) uye mwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018 (December 2018) mukucheneswa (nzvimbo dzekutema miti dzisina miti yemiti) uye pasi pemiti canopies (nzvimbo dzemasango), isu Sediment samplers takaiswa panzvimbo shanu uye muna Ndira 2019) kuunganidza wet deposition (n = 3) uye kudonha kwekupinda (n = 4), zvichiteerana. Mugore rechipiri remwaka wekunaya kwemvura (Chikunguru naNyamavhuvhu 2019), takaisa vateresi (n = 4) mune mamwe masango matanhatu emuLos Amigos kwemavhiki mashanu, zvichienderana ne high deposition rates yakayerwa mugore rokutanga, Kune huwandu hwe7 masango emasango uye 1 kutema miti yeLos Amigos.Chinhambwe pakati pezvirongwa chaiva 0.1 kusvika 2.5 km.Takaunganidza imwe GPS waypoint per plot tichishandisa handheld Garmin GPS.
Takatumira masamplers emhepo emecury pane imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzedu shanu munguva yemvura ya2018 (Chikunguru-Nyamavhuvhu 2018) uye mwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018 (Zvita 2018-Ndira 2019) kwemwedzi miviri (PAS). mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura uye masamplers maviri ePAS akaiswa munguva yekunaya kwemvura.PAS (yakagadzirwa naMcLagan et al. 63) inounganidza gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) by passive diffusion and adsorption on a sulfur-impregnated carbon sorbent (HGR-AC) kuburikidza a Radiello© diffusion barrier.Mudziviro wekupararira wePAS unoshanda sechidziviso pakufamba kwegasious organic mercury marudzi;saka, GEM chete inoshambadzirwa ku carbon 64.Takashandisa plastiki cable ties kuti tibatanidze PAS kune imwe nzvimbo inenge 1 m pamusoro pevhu.Masampuli ose akaiswa chisimbiso neparafilm kana kuchengetwa mumabhegi epurasitiki akapetwa kaviri asati atanga uye mushure mekutumirwa. yakaunganidzwa munda isina uye kufamba isina PAS yekuongorora kusvibiswa kwakaunzwa panguva yesampling, chengetedzo yemumunda, kuchengetedza marabhoritari, uye sampuli yekufambisa.
Munguva yekutumirwa kwenzvimbo dzese shanu dzesampling, takaisa vateresi vatatu vemvura yekuongorora mercury uye vaunganidzi vaviri kune mamwe makemikari ekuongorora, uye vana vanopfuura-nevateresi vekuongorora mercury panzvimbo yekutemwa masango.muunganidzi, uye vaunganidzi vaviri vemamwe makemikari analyse.Vaunganidzi vakaparadzana mita imwe kubva kune mumwe.Cherechedzai kuti kunyange zvazvo tine nhamba isingachinji yevaunganidzi yakaiswa panzvimbo imwe neimwe, munguva dzedzimwe nguva tinova nesaizi diki dzemuenzaniso nekuda kwemafashama enzvimbo, vanhu. kupindira nevaunganidzi, uye kukanganisa kwekubatanidza pakati petubing uye mabhodhoro ekuunganidza.Pasango rimwe nerimwe uye nzvimbo yekuparadzwa kwemasango, mumwe muunganidzi wekuongorora mercury aiva ne500-mL bhodhoro, asi imwe yacho ine 250-mL bhodhoro;vamwe vese vaunganidzi vekuongorora makemikari aive nebhodhoro re 250-mL. Aya masampuli akachengetwa mufiriji kusvika pasina mufiriji, ndokutumirwa kuUnited States neaizi, ndokuzochengetwa nechando kusvikira aongororwa.Muunganidzi wekuongorora mercury ane girazi regirazi rakapfuura. kuburikidza ne styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block polymer (C-Flex) chubhu itsva ine polyethylene terephthalate Ester copolyester glycol (PETG) bhodhoro rine loop rinoshanda sevhavha yehuputi. ine 1 mL trace metal grade hydrochloric acid (HCl) uye ese 500 mL PETG mabhodhoro akaiswa acidified ne 2 mL trace metal giredhi HCl. Muunganidzi wemamwe makemikari anoongorora ane yepurasitiki funnel yakabatana ne polyethylene bhodhoro kuburikidza itsva C-Flex tubing ne. loop inoshanda sevhavha yehuputi.Magetsi ese egirazi, fenicha dzepurasitiki uye mabhodhoro epolyethylene aive asidhi yakagezwa isati yaiswa.Takaunganidza sampuli tichishandisa maoko akachena-akasviba maoko protocol (EPA Method 1669), akachengeta sam.ples inotonhora sezvinobvira kusvikira yadzokera kuUnited States, uyezve yakachengetwa samples pa 4 ° C kusvikira yaongororwa.Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakashandisa nzira iyi zvakaratidza 90-110% kudzorerwa kwezvivharo zve laboratory pasi pemuganhu wekutsvaga uye spikes 37.
Pane imwe neimwe yenzvimbo idzi shanu, takaunganidza mashizha semashizha emashizha, mashizha akabatwa, marara matsva, uye marara akawanda tichishandisa nzira yekuchenesa-maoko-tsvina-maoko (EPA Method 1669) . , Peru, uye yakaunzwa kuUnited States pasi pemvumo yeUSDA.Takaunganidza mashizha emiti kubva kumarudzi maviri emiti anowanikwa panzvimbo dzose: muti uri kubuda (Ficus insipida) nemuti wepakati nepakati (Inga feuilleei).Takaunganidza mashizha kubva kumakona emiti tichishandisa chipfuramabwe cheNotch Big Shot mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018, mwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018, uye mwaka wemvura wa2019 (n = 3 pamhando). Mapazi asingasviki 2 m pamusoro pevhu mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018, mwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018, uye mwaka wemvura wa2019. Muna 2019, takatorawo masamples ekutora mashizha (n = 1) kubva ku6 mamwe masango eLos Amigos. Takaunganidza. tsvina itsva ("bulk litter") mumabhasikiti epurasitiki ane mesh-lined(n = 5) mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018 munzvimbo dzese shanu dzemasango uye mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2019 paLos Amigos plot (n = 5) .Ziva kuti nepo takaisa nhamba inowirirana yemabhasikiti panzvimbo yega yega, munguva dzekuunganidza. , saizi yedu yekuenzanisira yaive diki nekuda kwemafashama enzvimbo uye kupindira kwevanhu kune vanounganidza.Mabhasikiti ese emarara anoiswa mukati memita imwe chete yemuunganidzi wemvura.Takaunganidza marara akawanda semasampuli evhu panguva yemwaka wakaoma wa2018, mwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018, uye mwaka wekuoma wa2019.Mumwaka wekupisa wa2019, takaunganidzawo marara akawanda munzvimbo dzedu dzese dzeLos Amigos. Takaisa mufiriji mashizha ese kusvika aita chando tichishandisa firiji, tozotumirwa kuUS neaizi, uye wozochengetwa muchando kusvika pakugadzirisa.
Takaunganidza masampuli evhu mumatatu (n = 3) kubva kune ese mashanu saiti (akavhurika uye canopy) uye Los Amigos plot panguva yemwaka wakaoma wa2019 panguva yezviitiko zvese zvitatu zvemwaka. Masampuli ese evhu akaunganidzwa mukati memita imwe chete yekunaya kwemvura. takaunganidza sampuli dzevhu sevhu repamusoro pasi pemarara (0–5 cm) tichishandisa sampler yevhu. Pamusoro pazvo, mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018, takaunganidza macores evhu akadzika kusvika masendimita makumi mana nemashanu ndokuakamura kuita zvikamu zvishanu zvakadzika. PaLaberinto, taigona unganidza ivhu rimwe chete nekuti tafura yemvura iri padyo nepamusoro pevhu.Takaunganidza sampuli dzese tichishandisa ruoko rwakachena rune tsvina yeruvoko protocol (EPA Method 1669). Takaisa mufiriji masampuli ese evhu kusvika azoomeswa nechando tichishandisa firiza, tozotumirwa nechikepe. paaizi kuenda kuUnited States, ndokuzochengetwa nechando kusvika yagadziriswa.
Shandisa matendere emhute akaiswa mambakwedza uye manheru kubata shiri panguva dzinotonhorera dzezuva.MuLos Amigos Reserve, takaisa matendere mashanu emhute (1.8 × 2.4) munzvimbo pfumbamwe. PaCocha Cashu Bio Station, takaisa 8 kusvika 10 matendere emhute (12 x 3.2 m) munzvimbo 19. Panzvimbo mbiri idzi, takaunganidza shiri imwe neimwe munhenga wepakati pemuswe wekutanga, kana kuti kwete, munhenga unotevera wekare. Tinochengeta minhenga mumabhegi eZiploc akachena kana mahamvuropu emanila ane silicone. Takaunganidza marekodhi emifananidzo uye zviyero zve morphometric kuziva mhuka maererano neSchulenberg65.Zvidzidzo zvose zvakatsigirwa neSERFOR uye mvumo kubva kuAnimal Research Council (IACUC) .Pakufananidza shiri feather Hg concentrations, takaongorora iyo mhuka dzine minhenga yakaunganidzwa paLos Amigos Conservation Concession. uye Cocha Cashu Biological Station (Myrmotherula axillaris, Phlegopsis nigromaculata, Pipra fasciicauda).
Kuti uone iyo Leaf Area Index (LAI), data yelidar yakaunganidzwa uchishandisa iyo GatorEye Unmanned Aerial Laboratory, sensor fusion isina kufambiswa nendege system (ona www.gatoreye.org kuti uwane ruzivo, inowanikwawo uchishandisa "2019 Peru Los Shamwari" June "link ) %.Kuwanda kwemapoinzi akagoverwa pamusoro penzvimbo yesango yakatwasuka inodarika mapoinzi mazana maviri paskweya mita. Nzvimbo yendege inopindirana nenzvimbo dzese dzesampling muLos Amigos munguva yekusanaya kwemvura ya2019.
Isu takaongorora huwandu hweHg hwese hwePAS-yakaunganidzwa maGEMs ne thermal desorption, fusion, uye atomic absorption spectroscopy (USEPA Method 7473) tichishandisa Hydra C chiridzwa (Teledyne, CV-AAS) . uye Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material 3133 (Hg standard solution, 10.004 mg g-1) ine muganhu wekuona we0.5 ng Hg.Takaita Continuous Calibration Verification (CCV) tichishandisa NIST SRM 3133 uye Quality Control Standards (QCS) tichishandisa NIST 1632e (bituminous coal, 135.1 mg g-1) .Takakamura sampuli imwe neimwe muchikepe chakasiyana, takaiisa pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvakatetepa zve sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) powder, ndokuifukidza nehutete hwakatsetseka hwealuminium hydroxide (Al (OH) 3) powder67.Takayera huwandu hweHGR-AC yemuenzaniso wega wega kuti tibvise chero inhomogeneity muHg kugoverwa muHGR-AC sorbent.Naizvozvo, takaverenga mercury concentration yemuenzaniso wega wega zvichienderana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemercury yakayerwa. mudziyo mumwe nomumwe uyeYese HGR-AC sorbent yemukati muPAS.Kupihwa kuti imwe chete PAS sampu yakaunganidzwa kubva kune yega saiti kuyerwa kuyerwa mukati memwaka wakaoma wa 2018, nzira yekudzora mhando uye vimbiso yakaitwa nekuisa mapoka emasamples ane ekutarisa maitiro asina kuvharwa, emukati zviyero, uye matrix. Mukati memwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018, takadzokorora kuyerwa kwemasamples ePAS.Makoshi akaonekwa seanogamuchirika apo mutsauko wepakati muzana (RPD) weCCV uye matrix-anoenderana zviyero zvese zviri mukati me5% yezvinotenderwa. kukosha, uye zvese zvemaitiro zvivharo zvaive pasi pemuganhu wekuonekwa (BDL). We blank-corrected total mercury yakayerwa muPAS tichishandisa concentrations yakatarwa kubva kumunda nerwendo blanks (0.81 ± 0.18 ng g-1, n = 5). Takaverenga GEM kutarisisa uchishandisa iyo isina-yakagadziriswa yakazara misa ye adsorbed mercury yakakamurwa nenguva yekuendesa uye sampling chiyero (huwandu hwemhepo kubvisa gaseous mercury panguva yeyuniti;0.135 m3 zuva-1)63,68, yakagadziridzwa tembiricha nemhepo kubva kuWorld Weather Online Avhareji yetembiricha uye zviyero zvemhepo zvakawanikwa kudunhu reMadre de Dios68.Chikanganiso chakajairwa chakashumwa pachiyero cheGEM chakayerwa chinobva pakukanganisa kwemwero wekunze. mhanya pamberi uye mushure memuenzaniso.
Takaongorora masampuli emvura ehuwandu hwemekiyuri yemukati neoxidation nebromine chloride kweanenge maawa makumi maviri nemana, ichiteverwa nestannous chloride kuderedza uye kuchenesa uye musungo kuongorora, inotonhora mhute atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS), uye gasi chromatography (GC) kupatsanurwa (EPA Method) 1631 yeTekran 2600 Automatic Total Mercury Analyzer, Rev. E).Takaita CCV pamasampuli emwaka wakaoma wa2018 tichishandisa Ultra Scientific certified aqueous mercury standards (10 μg L-1) uye yekutanga calibration verification (ICV) tichishandisa NIST certified reference material. 1641D (mercury mumvura, 1.557 mg kg-1) ) ine muganho wekuona we 0.02 ng L-1.Kumwaka wemvura wa2018 uye 2019 mwaka wakaoma samples, takashandisa Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0 ng L-1. ) yekuenzanisa uye CCV uye SPEX Centriprep Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) yakawanda-element yeICV solution standard 2 A ine muganhu wekuona we 0.5 ng L-1. Mitemo yose yakadzorerwa mukati me15% yezvinhu zvinogamuchirwa.d blanks, digestion blanks uye analytical blanks ese ari maBDL.
Isu takaomesa ivhu rakaomeswa nemashizha kwemazuva mashanu. We homogenized the samples and analysis them for total mercury by thermal decomposition, catalytic reduction, fusion, desorption, uye atomic absorption spectroscopy (EPA nzira 7473) paMilestone Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA). -80) .Kumasamples emwaka wakaoma wa2018, takaita bvunzo dzeDMA-80 tichishandisa NIST 1633c (fly ash, 1005 ng g-1) uye National Research Council yeCanada certified reference material MESS-3 (marine sediment, 91 ng g. -1).Calibration.Takashandisa NIST 1633c yeCCV neMS uye MESS-3 yeQCS ine muganho wekuona we 0.2 ng Hg.Kumwaka wemvura wa2018 uye 2019 yakaoma mwaka masamples, takagadzirisa DMA-80 tichishandisa Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0) ng L-1).Takashandisa NIST Standard Reference Material 2709a (San Joaquin ivhu, 1100 ng g-1) yeCCV neMS uye DORM-4 (protein yehove, 410 ng g-1) yeQCS ine muganhu wekuona we0.5 ng Hg.Kumwaka wese, takaongorora masamples ese mune zvakapetwa uye zvakagamuchirwa zvakakosha apo RPD pakati pemasamples maviri aive mukati megumi.Avhareji yekudzoserwa kwese mwero uye matrix spikes aive mukati megumi muzana yehunhu hunogamuchirika, uye zvese zvakange zvisina zvazvaive. BDL.Zvese zvakashumwa zvakadzika zvinorema uremu.
Takaongorora methylmercury mumasampuli emvura kubva muzviitiko zvese zvitatu zvemwaka, mashizha emashizha kubva mumwaka wakaoma wa2018, uye samples dzevhu kubva muzviitiko zvese zvitatu zvemwaka. % potassium hydroxide mumethanol kweinenge 48 h pa55°C kweinenge 70 h, uye ivhu rakagayiwa nemicrowave ine trace metal-grade HNO3 acid71,72.Takaongorora masamples emwaka wakaoma wa2018 nemvura ethylation tichishandisa sodium tetraethylborate, purge and trap, uye CVAFS paTekran 2500 spectrometer (EPA method 1630) .Takashandisa Frontier Geosciences accredited laboratory MeHg standards and sediment QCS tichishandisa ERM CC580 ne CCV CC580 nzira yekuona muganho we0.2 ng L-1. Takaongorora 2019 yakaoma mwaka masampuli tichishandisa sodium tetraethylborate yemvura ethylation, purge uye trap, CVAFS, GC, uye ICP-MS pane Agilent 770 (EPA nzira 1630) 73. Isu takashandisa Brooks Rand Instruments methylmercury zviyero (1 ng L-1) yekuenzanisa uye CCV ine nzira yekuona muganhu we 1 pg. Zvose zvakadzorwa mukati me15% yezviyero zvinogamuchirwa zvemwaka yose uye zvose zvakasara zvaive BDL.
Pane yedu Biodiversity Institute Toxicology Laboratory (Portland, Maine, USA), iyo nzira yekuona muganhu yaive 0.001 μg g-1. We calibrated DMA-80 tichishandisa DOLT-5 (dogfish chiropa, 0.44 μg g-1), CE-464 (5.24 μg g-1), uye NIST 2710a (Montana ivhu, 9.888 μg g-1) .Tinoshandisa DOLT-5 uye CE-464 yeCCV neQCS.Avhareji yekudzoreredzwa kwezviyero zvese yaive mukati me5% yehukoshi hunogamuchirika, uye zvese zvisina dzaive BDL.Zvese replicates zvaive mukati me15% RPD.Zvese zvakashumwa feather total mercury concentrations are fresh weight (fw).
Isu tinoshandisa 0.45 μm membrane mafirita kusefa masampula emvura ekuwedzera kemikari kuongororwa.Takaongorora masampu emvura eanions (chloride, nitrate, sulfate) uye cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium) neion chromatography (EPA nzira 4110B) [USEPA, 2017a] tichishandisa Dionex ICS 2000 ion chromatograph .Mitemo yose yakadzokororwa mukati me10% yetsika dzinogamuchirika uye zvose zvakanga zvisina kuvharwa zvaiva BDL.Tinoshandisa Thermofisher X-Series II kuongorora kutsvaga zvinhu mumasampuli emvura neinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Instrument magadzirirwo akaitwa ne serial dilution ye certified water standard NIST 1643f. All whitespace is BDL.
Ese mafambiro nemadziva akataurwa muzvinyorwa uye manhamba anoshandisa kukosha kwekukosha kwemwaka yakaoma uye yekunaya kwemvura.Ona Supplementary Table 1 yekufungidzira kwemadziva nekuyerera (avhareji yekuyerera kwegore kwemwaka miviri miviri) uchishandisa kushomeka uye kwakanyanya kuyerwa zviyero panguva mwaka wakaoma uye wekunaya kwemvura.Takaverenga masango mercury fluxes kubva kuLos Amigos Conservation Concession sezvakapfupiswa mercury input kuburikidza nekudonha uye marara.Takaverenga Hg fluxes kubva mukuparadzwa kwemasango kubva kune yakawanda precipitation Hg deposition.Kushandisa zviyero zvekunaya kwemvura kubva kuLos Amigos (yakaunganidzwa sechikamu cheEBLA uye inowanika kubva kuACCA pakukumbira), takaverenga avhareji yemvura zhinji yegore negore mumakore gumi adarika (2009-2018) ingangoita 2500 mm yr-1 .Zivai kuti mugore rekarenda ra2018, kunaya kwepagore kwemvura kwave pedyo neavhareji iyi ( 2468mm), nepo mwedzi inonaya mvura yakawanda (Ndira, Kukadzi naZvita) inoita hafu yemvura inonaya pagore (1288mm ye2468mm)Naizvozvo isu tinoshandisa avhareji yemwaka wemvura uye wakaoma mukuverengera kwese kuyerera uye kudziva macalculations.Izvi zvinotibvumirawo kufunga kwete chete musiyano wekunaya kwemvura pakati pemwaka wemvura uye yakaoma, asiwo mutsauko weASGM maitiro ekuita pakati pemwaka miviri iyi.Kubvira mabhuku ezvinyorwa zvegore negore mercury fluxes kubva kumasango anogara achinaya anosiyana pakati pekuwedzera mercury kubva mumwaka wakaoma uye wekunaya kana chete kubva mumwaka wakaoma, kana tichienzanisa mararamiro edu akaverengwa kune zvinyorwa zvemabhuku, tinofananidza zvakananga mercury fluxes yedu, nepo imwe ongororo yakatora masampuli. mumwaka wakaoma uye wemvura, uye takafungidzirazve mafambiro edu tichishandisa chete mwaka wakaoma-mwaka wemekiyuri apo imwe ongororo yakatora masampuli chete mumwaka wakaoma (semuenzaniso, 74).
Kuti tione huwandu hwegore rose hwemekiyuri hwekunaya kwemvura, kunaya kwemvura zhinji uye marara muLos Amigos, takashandisa mutsauko pakati pemwaka wekuoma (avhareji yenzvimbo dzese dzeLos Amigos muna 2018 na2019) uye mwaka wekunaya (avhareji ye2018) avhareji yakazara. mercury concentration.Nezvese mercury concentrations kune dzimwe nzvimbo, mavhareji epakati pakati pemwaka wakaoma we2018 uye 2018 mvura yakashandiswa.Kune methylmercury mitoro, takashandisa data kubva mumwaka wakaoma we2018, gore rimwe chete iro methylmercury yakayerwa. Kuti tifungidzire marara mercury fluxes, takashandisa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvehuwandu hwemarara uye mercury concentrations yakaunganidzwa kubva pamashizha mumabhasikiti emarara pa417 g m-2 yr-1 muPeruvia Amazon.Nekuda kwevhu Hg dziva riri kumusoro kwe5 cm yevhu, takashandisa yakayerwa ivhu rose Hg (mwaka wakaoma wa2018 na2019, mwaka wekunaya kwemvura wa2018) uye huwandu hweMeHg mumwaka wakaoma wa2018, paine huwandu hunofungidzirwa hwehuwandu hwe1.25 g cm-3 muBrazilian Amazon75. We can only pgadzirisa maverengero ebhajeti aya panzvimbo yedu huru yekudzidza, Los Amigos, uko dhatabheti rekunaya kwemvura kwenguva refu rinowanikwa, uye uko chimiro chesango chakazara chinobvumira kushandiswa kwezvakambounganidzwa marara.
Isu tinogadzira lidar mitsara yendege tichishandisa iyo GatorEye multiscale postprocessing workflow, iyo inongoerekana yasangana yakachena yakasanganiswa point gore uye raster zvigadzirwa, zvinosanganisira madhijitari ekukwirira modhi (DEMs) pa 0.5 × 0.5 m resolution. Takashandisa DEM uye kuchenesa lidar point makore (WGS-84, UTM) 19S Meter) sekuisa kuGatorEye Leaf Area Density (G-LAD) mafambiro ebasa, ayo anoverengera akatemerwa shizha fungidziro yevoxel yega yega (m3) (m2) pasi kumusoro kwecanopy pakugadziriswa kwe1 × 1 × 1 m, uye yakatorwa LAI (huwandu hweLAD mukati meimwe neimwe 1 × 1 m vertical column).Kukosha kweLAI yeimwe neimwe yakarongwa GPS poindi inobva yatorwa.
Takaita ongororo dzese dzenhamba tichishandisa R vhezheni 3.6.1 statistical software76 uye zvese zvinoonekwa tichishandisa ggplot2.Takaita ongororo yenhamba tichishandisa alpha ye0.05.Kuwirirana pakati pezviviri zvehuwandu hwakaongororwa pachishandiswa zvakajairika masikweya regression.Takaita kuenzanisa pakati pemasayiti tichishandisa nonparametric Kruskal bvunzo uye pairwise Wilcox bvunzo.
Yese data inosanganisirwa mune ino manyoro inogona kuwanikwa muSupplementary Ruzivo uye yakabatana data mafaira.The Conservación Amazónica (ACCA) inopa kunaya kwedata pakukumbira.
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